Veronica Hackenthal, MD

References:1. Whicher CA, Price HC, Holt RIG, et al. Mechanisms in endocrinology: Antipsychotic medication and type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose regulation. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018;178:R245-R258.2. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Psychosis and schizophrenia in children and young people: recognition and management. https://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG155. Published January 2013. Accessed July 17, 2018.Â 

Slideshows

Antipsychotic medications may not cause type 2 diabetes but a new review find the drugs may accelerate development of the disease. How can you protect your patients?

Antipsychotics and Cardiometabolic Risk: New Study Sheds Light

The new diabetes tech you'll be tested on here comes from the expanding pool of continuous glucose monitoring systems, eg, the Eversense CGM and the FreeStyleÂ® Libre Flash. How much do you know about the features and benefits of these and their competitors? Find out with our short, 5-question quiz.

The new diabetes tech in question is the expanding pool of continuous glucose monitoring systems. So, what's your CGM IQ?

New Diabetes Technology: A Test 

Taking a small step back in time, the lipid management guidelines issued by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) and the American College of Endocrinology (ACE) earlier in 2017 re-affirm the use of LDL-C targets to help minimize cardiovascular risk in all patients, and especially those with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The guideline includes a first-ever "extreme risk" patient category for whom an LDL-C level of 

The AACE/ACE 2017 recommendations on lipid management renew focus on LDL-C targets, and go far lower than any group has ventured to date.

AACE/ACE Focus on Lipids: 2017 Consensus Guidelines

Beta-blocker use in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and established cardiovascular (CV) risk factors is associated with an increased risk of CV events and severe hypoglycemia, according to a recent 

“Using the ACCORD trial data, this study demonstrated that the use of Î²-blockers was associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular events and severe hypoglycemia in the modern era. Furthermore, a similar relationship between the use of Î²-blockers and cardiovascular events was found in patients with heart disease. The indication of Î²-blockers may need to be reconsidered when this connection is elucidated through future higher-level evidence,”

 wrote lead author Hiroshi Kajio, MD, PhD, of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, and colleagues.

While appropriate glycemic control can decrease the risk of diabetic complications, going too far may be counterproductive. Results from the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) 

 suggest that intensive glucose-lowering therapy is associated with increased hypoglycemia and mortality, which led to discontinuation of the trial after 3.5 years.

 One explanation for these results is that intensive glucose lowering can increase hypoglycemic episodes, which in turn are associated with a heightened risk of vascular events and death.

During episodes of severe hypoglycemia, Î²-blockers may serve a protective function by decreasing hypoglycemia-related cardiac arrhythmias, severe hypertension, and CV events. However, Î²-blockers themselves can increase the risk of severe hypoglycemia. They may also dampen early warning signs and contribute to hypoglycemia unawareness. Î²-blockers also may lead to weight gain, which may increase the risk of CV events over time.

How effective are Î²-blockers in patients with T2DM? To find an answer, researchers performed a post-hoc analysis of data from the ACCORD trial. The study took place in 77 clinical centers in the US and Canada and included 10,251 people with T2DM, inadequately controlled hemoglobin A1c, and preexisting CV disease (or at increased risk for it).

Participants were randomized to intensive glucose-lowering therapy or standard therapy. The mean follow-up time was slightly over 4.5 years.

âº Overall, significantly higher risk of CV events and CV death associated with beta blockers:

   âº CV events: 46% increased risk (HR, 1.46; 

   âº CV death: 44% increased risk (HR, 1.44; 

   âº All-cause death slightly increased, but results not significant

âº Presence of coronary heart disease (CHD)/heart failure (HF): 

risk of CV events significantly increased by 27% (HR, 1.27; 

risk of CV events significantly increased by 45% (HR, 1.45; 

risk of CV events increased by 4%, but results not significant (HR, 1.04; 

risk of CV events significantly increased by 69% (HR, 1.69; 

significantly increased risk by 36% (HR, 1.36; 

The authors explained that the elevated risk of CV events associated with Î²-blockers was at least partly related to increased severe hypoglycemia, and that this risk may outweigh the protective effect Î²-blockers may have during severe hypoglycemia. However, they also noted that some subgroups may not have been large enough to reach statistical significance for variables such as CV death and all-cause death. “Newly randomized controlled trials are required to evaluate whether the use of Î²-blockers in patients with diabetes mellitus shows beneficial or adverse effects,” they concluded.

 Post-hoc analysis of the ACCORD trial data suggests that the risk of CV events and severe hypoglycemia is higher in patients with T2DM and established CV risk factors who take Î²-blockers, compared with those who do not.

Î²-blockers are associated with a significantly increased risk of CV events in patients with or without CHD/HF and those receiving standard therapy.

Increased risk of CV events associated with Î²-blockers may outweigh their protective effect on the heart and vasculature during hypoglycemia. 

The indication for Î²-blockers in T2DM may need reconsideration, but randomized controlled trials are needed.

1. Tsujimoto T, Sugiyama T, Shapiro MF, et al. 

Risk of cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus on Î²-blockers

. 2017;70:103-110. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09259.

2. Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al. 

Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes

Articles

Post-hoc analysis of ACCORD trial data suggests the indication of beta blocker therapy in T2DM patients be more closely examined. 

Author | Veronica Hackenthal, MD

Articles

Antipsychotics and Cardiometabolic Risk: New Study Sheds Light

New Diabetes Technology: A Test

AACE/ACE Focus on Lipids: 2017 Consensus Guidelines

Beta Blockers Heighten Risk of CV Events in T2DM