Interesting Endocrinology. September 2015

TYPE 2 DIABETES: Marijuana use and risk of prediabetes and diabetes by middle adulthood: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Abstract link. Marijuana use in young adulthood is linked to an increased risk of developing prediabetes by middle age. **** Prevalence of and Trends in Diabetes Among Adults in the United States, 1988-2012. Abstract link. Approximately half the U.S. population is estimated to have diabetes or prediabetes.

TYPE 2 DIABETES: Type 2 diabetes mellitus and biomarkers of neurodegeneration. Abstract link. Researchers found T2DM promotes neurodegeneration similar to the damage that occurs in Alzheimer disease. **** Bariatric–metabolic surgery versus conventional medical treatment in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: 5 year follow-up of an open-label, single-centre, randomised controlled trial. Abstract link. Surgery was found to be more effective than medical treatment for long-term control of T2DM in obese patients.

TYPE 1 DIABETES: Inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis restores immune tolerance during autoimmune insulitis. Abstract link. 4-MU, already an approved drug used to treat biliary spasm, could be repurposed to prevent, and possibly treat, T1DM in at-risk individuals. **** Ocular Complications in Children with Diabetes Mellitus. Abstract link. Evidence suggests that in most cases, screenings for diabetic retinal neuropathy in children with T1DM can be postponed until age 15 or 5 years after diagnosis of DM.

PEDIATRICS: Effects of Interrupting Children's Sedentary Behaviors With Activity on Metabolic Function: A Randomized Trial. Abstract link. Brief walking breaks during sedentary time improved metabolic function in non-overweight children. **** Amount of Time to Eat Lunch Is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetables, and Milk. Abstract link. Children with at least 25 minutes to eat lunch at school are more likely to choose fruit and consume more of their entrees, milk, and vegetables.

MEDICATIONS: FDA revises label of diabetes drug canagliflozin (Invokana, Invokamet) to include updates on bone fracture risk and new information on decreased bone mineral density. Abstract link. The FDA issues a Drug Safety Communication. **** Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis: a Potential Complication of Treatment With Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition. Abstract link. In T1DM patients, SGLT2 inhibitors should be used with caution, counselling, and close monitoring.

MEDICATIONS: Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. Abstract link. T2DM patients at high risk of CV events benefitted from taking the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin. **** Efficacy of Liraglutide for Weight Loss Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes The SCALE Diabetes Randomized Clinical Trial. Abstract link. The long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide appears to promote long-term weight loss among patients with T2DM.

HEALTHY LIFESTYLE: High intensity intermittent exercise improves cardiac structure and function and reduces liver fat in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. Abstract link. Short bouts of high intensity exercise improved cardiac function and structure and will potentially reverse heart damage in T2DM patients. **** Portion, package or tableware size for changing selection and consumption of food, alcohol, and tobacco. Abstract link. Research showed larger tableware and portion sizes lead people to consume more food and drink.

CANCER: The Impact of Subclinical Disease and Mechanism of Detection on the Rise in Thyroid Cancer Incidence: A Population-Based Study in Olmsted County, Minnesota During 1935 Through 2012. Abstract link. The rise in new thyroid cancer cases is a result of increased diagnosis of occult lesions; thyroid cancer mortality remains stable. **** Baseline and lifetime alcohol consumption and risk of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in the EPIC study. Abstract link. Moderate alcohol consumption may be linked with a decreased risk for papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma.